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This two-year field campaign was designed to close critical observational knowledge gaps in hail research by exploiting an almost entirely mobile observational fleet to ensure opportunistic sampling of convection wherever it occurs.Ìý

Capabilities Demonstrated: A downward-looking RGB camera was deployed from a low-flying RAAVEN to record hail swaths for photogrammetric analysis while simultaneously recording cold-pool thermodynamic and 3D wind measurements following storm passage.

This campaign was designed to develop the most thorough understanding to date of warm season boundary layer thermodynamic and kinematic structure due to inland advection of the marine atmospheric boundary layer in the Great Lakes coastal environment.

Capabilities Demonstrated: The InterMet CopterSonde 3 was used on the coastline of Lake Michigan to generate daily thermodynamic and 2D wind profiles (surface to 610 m) with 30 min cadence for up to 8 hours.

The TORUS-LItE campaign provided a single field-season follow-up to TORUS, targeting data collection on the supercell left-flank to gather in situ dynamic and thermodynamic observations of boundary structures and surface vorticity currents.

Capabilities Demonstrated: The RAAVEN was deployed with its standard pressure, temperature, humidity, and 3D wind sensors to collect data on small-scale structures within the left-flank of supercells.

The "Wisconsin's Dynamic Influence on Shoreline Circulations on Ozone" (WiscoDISCO) campaign targeted poor air quality days impacted by lake breeze circulations. A RAAVEN was deployed with a Purdue University multi-copter team to observe a shoreline environment impacted by a shallow marine layer, where vertical mixing and pollutant transport are key to understanding pollution events at the surface.

Capabilities Demonstrated: The RAAVEN was deployed with its standard pressure, temperature, humidity, 3D wind sensors, and a finewire turbulence probe to better understand air mass boundaries and their impact on air pollution.

With field campaigns in 2019 and 2022, TORUS was a collaborative research project funded by the NSF and NOAA to advance understanding of supercells and tornadogenesis. Combined with TORUS-LItE (2023), TORUS involved more than 200 scientists and engineers who led data collection on 46 supercell thunderstorms across three field seasons.

Capabilities Demonstrated: The RAAVEN was deployed with its standard pressure, temperature, humidity, and 3D wind sensors to collect data on small-scale structures within supercells.